The essay I posted last winter about New England’s historic transition from oil-fired home heating to biomass-fired alternatives has been read consistently ever since. Here’s a Labor Day 2008 update.
As is typical in New England homes, my 1870-era home isn’t conducive to space heating. Which makes you wonder why open plan wasn’t fashionable back then. A railroad layout connects a series of small rooms, and the three chimneys tell you that the original space heating solution — many fireplaces — was a challenge. When coal-fired and then oil-fired central heating began to deliver hot water to radiators in every room, it must have seemed like a miracle.
Then, suddenly, oil prices more than quadrupled and the miracle became a nightmare. Supplemental heating with a pellet stove helped, but it would be crazy to put a pellet stove everywhere fireplaces used to be. The central heating system has to be reconfigured to burn an alternate fuel.
Additionally, of course, the thermal integrity of the shell has to be improved. In my case there’s adequate attic insulation, so to make a big difference you’d want to replace all the windows and rebuild the walls from the inside. That’s an investment arguably worth making at this point, but if you’re still burning oil, that might only wind the clock back to 2005, when were at two-buck-a-gallon oil, not 2000 when it was eighty-nine cents. And of course the clock keeps ticking.
So biomass-fired central heating has become imperative, and two classes of solution are emerging. Pellet boilers are the central-heating equivalent of pellet stoves. And wood gasification boilers are the central-heating equivalent of wood stoves.
It’s a back to the future scenario. Yes, it’s a return to a solid-fuel-based regime that we thought we had left behind. But both solutions burn biomass far more cleanly, efficiently, and safely than was ever possible before. Neither is as automatic or convenient — wood gasifiers even less so than pellet boilers — but that’s going to be the new reality, at least for a while to come.
So, pellet boiler or wood gasifier? I chose the latter because, while more labor-intensive, I like the idea of being closer to the fuel source, i.e. trees. Cordwood is a minimally-processed derivative. If it became necessary I could own a woodlot and make it myself. I have lots of friends who do just that.
Pellets are a downstream, more highly-processed product. They’ve been an attractive option so far because cost has been reasonable and availability hasn’t been a problem. But as I understand it, that’s largely because the pellet industry is currently harvesting waste wood products — sawdust, woood scrap. At some point it will have to go back to the source. When the pellet industry has to start harvesting trees to make pellets, I’m betting that the real cost of their convenience will become apparent.
In either case, of course, there are important unanswered questions about sustainable forestry. Can we manage our forests for sustainable production of wood-based solid fuel on the scale that will be necessary? Nobody knows, but we are about to start finding out.
It’s not necessarily all about trees, by the way. I recently had a fascinating conversation with Jock Gill, for an upcoming interview, about a different approach based on grass pellets. That’s a story for another day, but if you’re curious, read this article and think about the challenges of transporting trees to multimillion-dollar processing plants and then distributing the derivative solid fuels. Jock envisions, instead, a decentralized network of local producers whose processing operations require far less capital investment, and whose products need not travel far.
But I digress. Here’s my situation at the moment. I imported an EKO-40 wood gasifer, it’s sitting in my garage, and it’s ready to be installed. Except it can’t be. Because I’ve discovered, to my horror, that my city’s building code won’t allow it. Why not? It doesn’t have UL and/or ASME stickers. Instead, it has a TUV and CE stickers, which certify that the machine complies with the following European standards and directives:
standards
EN 60335: Specification for safety of household and similar electrical appliances. General requirements
EN 50165: Electrical equipment of non-electric appliances for household and similar purposes. Safety requirements
EN 55014: Electromagnetic compatibility. Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus. Emission
EN 61000-6-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
EN 45011: General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems
EN 303-5: Heating boilers. Heating boilers with forced draught burners. Heating boilers for solid fuels, hand and automatically fired, nominal heat output of up to 300 kW. Terminology, requirements, testing and marking
EN 60529: Specification for degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
directives
97/23/EG: Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment
73/23/EEC: Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonization of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits
89/336/EWG: EMC-directive, Electromagnetic compatibility
I have been trying to identify the relevant UL and/or ASTM standards so that I can get a qualified engineer to write a letter to the city explaining that my machine is as safe, clean, sophisticated, and effective as any of the U.S.-certified machines they would approve.
Along the way, I’ve discovered that it’s not clear there are any devices that they would approve. If a UL sticker is required, which UL standard should it certify? UL 391? That’s an umbrella standard governing older electromechanical systems but, I’m told, may not be relevant to the latest technology with its more sophisticated electronic controls? UL 2523, entitled Solid fuel-fired water heaters and boilers, which isn’t yet supported by any system I’ve found?
Likewise if an ASTM sticker, which ASTM standard, and why? And oh by the way, although the city’s codes don’t yet say anything about emissions, my EKO is tested to the strict EN 303-5 standard because Europe, unlike the U.S., takes emissions seriously. My understanding is that the EKO isn’t just way cleaner than the wood stoves and outdoor wood boilers that people are frantically installing these days, it’s cleaner in most respects than an oil burner! Shouldn’t I be rewarded, not punished, for investing in a solution that respects the city’s air quality and the planet’s carbon burden?
On Tuesday I’ll meet with the city’s chief code officer to try to answer these questions, and see if there’s a way we can move forward. Based on what they’ve told me so far, though, it seems possible that none of the best pellet boilers and wood gasifiers, from both domestic and foreign manufacturers, would meet my city’s code requirements as currently written. And that’s because this class of machine, long used in Europe, has only recently started to become interesting to American homeowners. There hasn’t been time to adjust to a technology landscape that’s now undergoing major and rapid upheaval.
If I weren’t stuck in the middle of it, this would just be a case study of the perpetual tug of war between standards and innovation, at an unusual moment in history when time is of the essence. But I am stuck in the middle, and I have no idea how the story’s going to turn out. I’m writing it anyway because I went into this with two goals. First, I wanted to solve a pressing problem for me and my family. But second, I wanted to be able to document and openly discuss a solution that will work for many others who will want to follow. I don’t think that my EKO boiler, if it were to be permitted, would be the first to be installed in Keene, NH. But I do think it would be the first to be legally permitted. So, wish me luck!
August 31, 2008 at 11:42 am
Many EN standards and EU directives have US equivalents, as determined by the “Agreements on Mutual Recognition of Conformity Assessment” between the countries involved.
My own personal experience with getting existing certification recognized is limited to EMC, which is a rather easy-to-quantify and limited issue. This was pretty much a nightmare anyway, involving many lawyers and tons of research: I can’t imagine how bad (and costly) the process required for boilers (which can burn, explode, and do many other amusing things…) must be.
Anyway: even if you manage to convince your local officials of the safety of your imported device, that doesn’t really matter. Operating a device that is not UL listed, will cause your (US) insurance policies to be null and void.
Unless the manufacturer obtains UL listing for your boiler (and you affix the updated type label as supplied by them to your device), you’ll be exposed to unacceptable risks, just for having the boiler present on an insured property…
August 31, 2008 at 4:50 pm
I disagree with your entire approach of wood or wood pellet fired stoves and boilers as a long term solution suitable for many homes. However larger numbers of such stoves and boilers will lead to significant deforestation. Also at some point cheap wood is going to get scarce locally.
I’d far sooner see geothermal solutions with solar panels and wind turbines augmenting the power grid. Although wind turbines aren’t that practical in a suburban environment they’d be fine in a rural or acreage setting.
P.S. after reading your posting about Googling Jon I occasionally Google my first name. Turns out my Microaoft Access website is consistently near the top Googles second page and occasionally on Googles first page. Once it was even second after Tony Blair. Thanks for the suggestion.
August 31, 2008 at 9:36 pm
Good Luck! :)
(And thanks for the consistently interesting and insightful expert commentary on technology from a grateful reader.)
September 1, 2008 at 12:07 am
joke no deliver minor england
September 1, 2008 at 5:59 am
> you’ll be exposed to unacceptable risks,
> just for having the boiler present on an
> insured property…
It may be that I’ll have to unwind this deal and wait a year or more for the regulatory environment to catch up.
But, insurance companies should be delighted to see people moving in this direction, and away from conventional wood stoves. These devices produce vastly less creosote and operate at much lower stack temperatures, thus they eliminate the major risk associated with wood stoves which, having been phased out by many people in favor of oil, are now being phased in again in a major way.
If there is any concern about boiler integrity, by the way, a wood gasifier can be operated as an open unpressurized system through a heat exchanger.
September 1, 2008 at 6:22 am
> I’d far sooner see geothermal solutions
> with solar panels and wind turbines
> augmenting the power grid. Although
> wind turbines aren’t that practical in
> a suburban environment they’d be fine
> in a rural or acreage setting.
And so would I rather see those solutions, believe me. Had we heeded the warning bell back in 1970, and had we been ramping up toward those and other solutions ever since, we might be within shouting distance now.
But we didn’t, and we’re not, and we need a bridge solution. Home heating isn’t a comfort issue in New England, it’s a survival issue.
Wood and wood products are a big part of that bridge solution for now. Drive around Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine and you will see impressive piles of stacked cordwood and rows of plastic-wrapped one-ton pallets of wood pellets.
You’re absolutely right about deforestation. We did it before to New England, and we might again. Or, if we’re careful to use the biomass resource efficiently, and manage it for sustainability, things might turn out differently.
Whatever the outcome, it’s happening, and technologies for clean/safe/efficient/effective use of the resource have to be part of the equation.
The other part, by the way, needs to be a WPA-like (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration) program to retrofit New England’s ill-adapted housing stock. Helping homeowners defray the high cost of those retrofits, and creating non-outsourceable jobs in the bargain, would be a better use of tax dollars than further adventuring in the Persia Gulf, and a great way to advance the triple goals of energy independence, economic growth, and geopolitical stability.
September 1, 2008 at 2:54 pm
It’s really interesting to see your experience navigating the digital standards space being applied to energy. Best of luck, and keep us posted.
September 1, 2008 at 6:33 pm
My neighbor runs hearth.com. They have a
discussion forum over there called the
Boiler Room where people discuss issues like
yours. We talked today and he said there are
probably several solutions to your problem.
September 14, 2008 at 11:51 am
Hi Jon – I would like to talk with you about your experience. I live in Vermont and want to import a wood chip boiler but am worried about UL Listing and ASME and how that might affect insurance. Would you mind telling me more ?? 802-345-5616 – thanks Terry McDonnell
September 14, 2008 at 11:56 am
> am worried about UL Listing and ASME
I’m in the midst of resolving this, hope to have answers soon. It has turned into a complicated story that really needs to be told.
September 28, 2008 at 2:32 pm
Terry, can you keep me informed as to how you are doing with your wood chip boiler efforts? I have found both a German and a Austrian companies but both do not have plans for North America as of yet.
January 11, 2009 at 7:36 pm
[...] despite the incredible hassle I described here, I’m glad I did. From the start, I had two goals in mind. One was to make the house [...]
January 14, 2009 at 10:31 pm
Did you ever give any thought to retro-fitting your oil boiler to turn it into a wood chip boiler? I understand there is a company in either Vermont or NH that has developed this system. I am told it costs about $1700 as opposed to putting in a new boiler which costs several thousand dollars. I was given the name of this company a few months ago but have misplaced it and now I am trying to find out the contact details once again.
January 15, 2009 at 7:08 am
> Did you ever give any thought to
> retro-fitting your oil boiler to turn
> it into a wood chip boiler?
Dunno about wood chips, but Pellergy (http://www.pellergy.com/) will mate a pellet burner to your existing oil-fired boiler.
The one caveat is that, although you can convert back and forth, you don’t have simultaneous use of oil and pellets.
This solution wasn’t yet available when I made my purchase last year.
April 23, 2009 at 1:20 pm
[...] nice. I guess. I dunno. From my point of view, ‘green’ Keene has a long way to go. My struggle to get the city to issue its first-ever approval for a clean, modern, efficient wood gasifier was [...]